Wednesday, March 29, 2017

Does America Have a Tea Culture?


Welcome back! My first two posts were on the tea culture in Senegal and Morocco, but what about right here in the United States? While not traditionally a huge tea-drinking country, tea consumption has been rising in the United States as the health benefits of hot tea are becoming more wide-known. Currently, 85% of the tea consumed in the United States (2015) is iced, which is a bit unusual compared to many other countries around the world, but hot tea sales have increased 15% over the last five years (2015). Even though Americans drink tea, it is not as much a part of social life compared to places like Senegal and Morocco. Practices such as offering tea to guests and drinking tea with potential business partners are not a cultural norm here.

Even though I am a big tea drinker, most of my experiences are not social experiences. I might make myself some herbal tea while I am doing homework or to help me relax, but I usually do not make it for other people too. The one exception is a tradition around Christmas-time that I have with my mom, grandma, and sisters. Every year, we get all dressed up and go to holiday tea at the Townsend Hotel. I am sure other hotels and restaurants in the area offer something similar, but we always go to the Townsend Hotel because it is our habit (Babin, 2016, p. 254). It is just five minutes from our house, and one of the nicest hotels southeast Michigan. It can be exciting because you might have a minor celebrity spotting while enjoying your tea. Whenever a sports team is in Detroit for a game, they usually stay at the Townsend. This past year, my sisters and I actually met a few Golden State Warriors players!

One of my favorite holiday traditions with my sisters, mom and grandma!


In addition to people-watching, the service is impeccable. It is a bit pricey, but it is justified by the quality of service and food served (Babin, 2016, p. 296). In addition to tea, scones, finger sandwiches, and dessert are also served. We have strong normative expectations because we have always had a positive experience and it is relatively similar year to year (Babin, 2016,p. 295). This past year, the hotel hired a new chef so the menu changed a bit. It was not quite what we were expecting because the menu had been the same for the past five years, but it was delicious nonetheless. We have never had anything other than a positive experience there. The staff knows my mom and grandma since they have been coming there for years, even before us kids were officially invited, so they always treat us very nicely and are sure to give us the best table. The afternoon is always full of good company and delicious food and tea, so we always leave with smiles on our faces. In terms of customer satisfaction, I am not sure the Holiday Tea at the Townsend Hotel can do much better. I am a very satisfied customer to say the least!

Those little sandwiches are actually pretty filling if you eat enough of them!

Even though the United States does not quite have the tea culture of other countries, my family has found a way to work it into a part of our holiday traditions. So before picking up that next cup of coffee, think about getting some tea with your family or friends instead!



Works Cited

Babin, B., & Harris, E. (2016). CB 7 (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.


Tea Fact Sheet. (2015). Retrieved March 29, 2017, from http://www.teausa.com/14655/tea-fact-sheet

Tuesday, March 7, 2017

Moroccan Whiskey (aka Mint Tea)


Welcome back! Practically a neighbor to Senegal, Morocco has their own daily tea ritual, but the taste is very distinct from Senegal’s ataaya tea. Moroccan whiskey is a common nickname for Morocco’s mint tea, which is somewhat ironic since most Moroccans are Muslim and are not officially allowed to drink alcohol. In Moroccan culture, drinking tea is a daily occurrence and a symbol of hospitality. Whenever a guest comes to visit, they are sure to be offered tea, as that is proper etiquette (Babin,  2016, 196).


Tea has been a huge part of Moroccan culture since the 19th century. Like much of Northern Africa, colonialization and imperialism has had a huge impact on the country. It was surprisingly not Morocco’s colonizer France that brought over tea, but rather British traders. When the Baltic Ports closed during the Crimean War of 1853-1856, British merchants decided to find a new market for their leftover Chinese gunpowder tea (Koehler, 2014). Moroccans combined the strong bitter tea with a good helping of sugar. Even though Senegal’s ataaya is also made with Chinese green tea, this type of tea is distinctly Moroccan because of the addition of mint leaves.

Morocco is far from British colonial territory, but they still picked up the British tea habit (with their own spin of course)

Regardless of the ingredients used, it is the custom of making tea and sharing it that makes Moroccan tea special. Like in Senegal, hosts will usually do a dramatic high pour to create foam and cool it down for drinking. However, in Morocco, this gesture has a deeper meaning. It is often said that “the higher the pour, the more someone likes you. And in Morocco, among friends, hosts, and guests, the pour is always high” (2013). This high pour is an example of a cultural norm (Babin, 2016, 180). If you were to pour the tea discreetly, you would not be showing your guest the appropriate level of respect.

An example of a high, dramatic pour


Sharing tea together is a necessary step in getting to know someone in Morocco. Chef Lahlou, a native Morrocan, has said “For people in Morocco, if you want to close a deal, they won't even want to talk to you until they have tea with you” and “I don't know them, I haven't had any tea with them” (Krishna, 2016). Drinking tea together is a critical part of building both personal and professional relationships.

As a foreigner traveling in Morocco, I definitely noticed the prominent role it played in culture. With my host family, I drank tea at least 3-4 times a day. I quickly learned that you do not dare refuse an offer for tea. I was only there for a little over a week, but I still started the process of acculturation (Babin, 2016, 190). I have a very strong sweet tooth so loved the taste, but loved the time for socialization and relaxation even more. I hope to make it back to Morocco one day, and the first thing I want to do is to find myself a cup of mint tea!

I also wouldn't mind having some of my host mom's pie again!


Here is what you need to do to try it for yourself:

-1 tablespoon gunpowder green tea leaves
-1 large handful fresh spearmint leaves, washed
-1/2 liter (about 2 cups) boiling water
-3 to 4 tablespoons sugar

Click here for instructions on how to make it. Enjoy!


Works Cited

Babin, B., & Harris, E. (2016) CB 7 (7th ed.) Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Krishna, P. (2016, August 29). Moroccan Mint Tea: The Sweet Tea You've Been Missing. Retrieved March 07, 2017, from http://www.foodandwine.com/tea/herbal-tea/moroccan-mint-tea-sweet-tea-youve-been-missing

Koehler, J. (2014, October 21). Tea in Morocco: 'It's in the blood' Retrieved March 07, 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/tea-in-morocco-its-in-the-blood/2014/10/20/8f7730c0-54b9-11e4-892e-602188e70e9c_story.html?utm_term=.0c04c836488d

The Moroccan Kitchen: Tea. (2013, February 07). Retrieved March 07, 2017, from http://blog.williams-sonoma.com/the-moroccan-kitchen-tea/


Value Added (Images and Links)

Serving Mint Tea. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/492370171740409263/

The Scramble for Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2017, from www.studenthandouts.com







Wednesday, February 8, 2017

Attaya- A Senegalese Staple

The Heart of Senegalese Culture

“Tea ... is a religion of the art of life.” 
-Kakuzo Okakura, The Book of Tea (Okakura, 1956)

Around the world, tea is an integral part of culture. It is often associated with socialization and relaxation, and it is no different in Senegal. I spent four months there on a study abroad program, and I find myself craving a shot-sized glass of tea known as attaya every afternoon.



In general, attaya is served after meals in a social setting. After lunch or dinner, one person of the family begins the lengthy process of making tea. There are usually three rounds, so it is a good way to waste away an afternoon or evening. Dinner is generally served late, so the first time my host brother made attaya for me at 11 pm, I was practically awake the entire night. That night, I only had the first round, but most people will drink three.

Preparation: 
Attaya is made using Chinese green tea leaves, which are put into the teapot along with mint leaves and then boiled. Sugar is added to the pot, and then tea is poured into a small tea glass called a kas. The foam is achieved by pouring the tea back and forth within these glasses as high as possible. 




Round One:
The first round is usually more on the bitter side. My Wolof teacher told me that this round is bitter like death. After this round is served, more water, mint, and sugar are added to the pot.

Round Two:
The second round is sweeter, and is my personal favorite. This round is said to be gentle like life. Again, more water, mint, and sugar are added for the next round.

Round Three:
The last round is incredibly sweet, almost too sweet for me, which is really saying something. This round is said to be sweet like love. 

If you want to try to prepare it yourself, which I highly recommend, click here for more detailed instructions.

Why Drink?


Socialization:
It is most commonly made by males, but either gender prepare it. Drinking tea is something to experience with other people. It is an activity that has hedonic value (Babin, 2016, p. 29). The taste and caffeine are a form of immediate gratification, and so is spending time with family and friends. Whenever my host family had visitors, one of my brothers was sure to prepare tea for them. It is not limited to within the home, but on the streets as well. The concept of teranga, which is a Wolof word that loosely translates to hospitality, is extremely important in Senegal. Often when I visited the tailor or different vendors, they would offer me tea and I would stay and chat for a few minutes. 

I made and strengthened my connections in Senegal over tea, and it is truly an integral part of their culture. It is seen as something truly Senegalese.  The self-congruency theory proposes that much of consumer behavior can be explained by the congruence of a consumer's self-concept with the image of the typical users of a focal product (Babin, 2016, p. 126). They drink tea because since childhood it has been associated with family, friendship, and hospitality. If they value these things, they know how to prepare attaya.



Health Benefits:
Even if you never visit Senegal, you should drink attaya because of the various health benefits from green tea such as a stronger immune system and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (NA, 2015). Served plain, green tea contains zero calories and if you are concerned about your sugar intake it might be best to cut down the sugar in the preparation. See below for more reasons to drink green tea:





STAY HEALTHY, DRINK ATTAYA





Sources:

Babin, B., & Harris, E. (2016). CB 7 (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Okakura, K. (1956). The book of tea. Rutland, VT: C.E. Tuttle Co.

The Health Benefits of Gunpowder Green Tea. (2015, April 30). Retrieved February 08, 2017, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/288124-the-health-benefits-of-gunpowder-green-tea/



Sources for Images: